Preview bend the workpiece. In a production environment to eliminate the warping often use pre-reverse bending the workpiece. This method is used to overcome the angular deformation during welding of butt and lap joints. When welding sheets of small width with V-shaped edges partitioned them have not in one plane and at an angle in the direction opposite to the expected deformation. Sheets of large width can be installed with pre-bending of the welded edges.

Field joints with fixed plates welded with the recommended pre-folded edges, which is achieved by means of jacks or special devices. To prevent deformation "of the plane," T-or I-sections produce elastic or plastic deformation zone. In order to eliminate the longitudinal strain "in plane" with welded H beams used devices, which bent the beam in the direction opposite to the expected deformation. Preview reverse bend can be created by work hardening the edges and sides of beams, or heating up temperature 700 750 C. An effective measure to prevent buckling of the walls in the I-beam, caused by welding belt joints – build with pre-tension of the wall. To do this, use the assembly stands with the jack device. Increase the stiffness of thin plates in welded structures in order to reduce the strain can be achieved by embossing. With the press on thin sheets of pre-squeezed patterns of rigidity, or corrugations.

Decrease welding stresses can be achieved by pre-stretching or compression of the workpiece along the weld. Cooling of the workpiece. If additional cooling weld areas in which there are plastic deformation, shrinking, which leads to a reduction of residual stress and strain. Zana distribution of maximum temperatures and the size of plastic deformations in cooling and without it. If additional cooling sections of plastic deformation are smaller than when welding under normal conditions. However, refrigeration is not applicable for all materials. When welding hardenable steels method of artificial cooling is not applicable because it can lead to brittle hardening structures. Effect of heating the workpiece. In a preliminary or concomitant heating decreases the temperature difference between adjacent sections of the welded joint, thanks to this somewhat reduced voltage. Found that when welding steel heated to a temperature of 200 'with a residual voltage Compared with welding without heating is reduced by 30%. At higher temperatures, heating the positive effect may be even greater. Noticeable effect on the voltage has concomitant heating. When welding is possible to conduct both general and local heating associated. The total heating is prescribed for welding parts of small size or non-plastics materials such as iron. When the local heating of heated area width 40 50 mm on both side of the seam. Heating only the welded edges does not give a noticeable effect. Temperature of preheating depends on the chemical composition and thickness of the metal, as well as rigidity. With increasing content carbon and alloying elements, metal thickness and rigidity required heating to higher temperatures.

When welding solid wire of small diameter. With increasing welding speed, however, is an increase in the hardness of weld metal and heat affected zone metal.

The heat generated by the arc solid wire of small diameter, relatively small, which leads to rapid cooling and, consequently, the risk of increasing the hardness and brittleness of the welded joint. New Approach's know-how of welding processes and cooperation with various suppliers to the automotive industry and automakers themselves in field of study adopted by the production technology of these enterprises led to the development and successful introduction of new technologies of welding thin-walled products. As for welding thin sheets, the majority believed that their welding should be used a solid wire of small diameter. Few believe it is necessary to apply powder larger diameter wire. That led to this conclusion the studies: welding robots need to apply powder wire diameter of 1,4 mm.

This wire has a brand ok Tubrod 14.11. This wire was specially developed for welding robots. She lightly applied mechanisms for filing. Oracle is often quoted on this topic. Arc – is stable and forms a minimum of spray, and most importantly – allows for welding at high welding currents and relatively low voltages, stable arc. The development of this wire was result of targeted research. Examples of applications in industry Advantages of the new wires are illustrated by the following examples. One of the companies supplying various automobile plants small welded parts. The company has applied solid wire diameter of 1.0 mm and the shielding gas CO2 to allow for a wide profile proplavlyaemosti. In the welding area are six robots situated around the rotating table. On the table is set six identical parts to be welded. After each welding operation table is rotated by one-sixth turn. Each robot simultaneously defined weld seam details. Since the welding of different joints is different, some robots, finishing his joint, have to wait several seconds before the end of the welding operation other robots. This waiting time of each robot is small – 4 10. However, taking into account the fact that the total number of robots, workpiece, – six, the total waiting time increases to 1 2 minutes. Adding the time required for removal of finished parts and install new, total time

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Electric substation – part of the transmission and distribution of electric energy, which is an increase or decrease the value of the voltage using transformers. There are two the form of electrical substations: Distribution and transformer. Distribution substation works at one voltage and serves as a hub for consumers and other stations. At the transformer used transformer to raise or lower the voltage. The most frequent combinations substation. In electrical networks, voltage can vary from 0.110 kW to 1150 kW, although gost 21128-83 permits and lower values voltage.

Converting the voltage usually occurs consistently on several substations, ranging from the power plant, where the voltage is increased to transfer power line to the end of the chain, where it significantly reduced before distribution to consumers. In the field of direct consumption of electricity voltage is lower with complete electrical devices of high voltage to 220, 380 or 660. With the same voltage Electricity is supplied to the jobs and businesses in residential areas. One of the most common complete electrical devices are high voltage transformer substations. Complete transformer substations are to receive electrical power three-phase alternating current (50 Hz) voltage of 6kV or 10kV and converting it into electricity voltage of 0, 4kV. Different power substations installed to supply electricity to small communities or industrial facilities. cft produced in the performance of air or cable bushings and cable or air-cable output. On the outgoing lines are installed circuit breakers.

In the case of air connections to the line of high-voltage substations supplied complete with isolator, which is installed on nearest transmission towers. qft with the unit that protects the unit from overload and short circuit. Surge protection on the high side and low voltage by a spark gap. Block street lighting qft equipped with an automatic on and off by photocells. The inner cabinet qft natural ventilation. All elements are mounted in a single installation and are fully prepared for the connection chain of high and low voltage.